Underwater well completion method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

Extended casing method and apparatus for completing an underwater well whereby complete and continuous pressure control is maintained at the surface drilling platform. A conductor casing is installed in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached near the floor. Other casing is installed and supported at the water floor by hanger heads and having other risers extending upwardly therefrom. Pressure control equipment is installed at the upper end of one of the risers. An innermost casing having a tubing hanger-head attached is lowered through the pressure control equipment and installed. An orientation sleeve is aligned with the tubing hanger-head by properly orient the tubing hanger. The tubing hanger and tubing is then passed through the pressure control equipment and the innermost riser, to which the pressure control equipment is attached and is lowered to engage the orientation sleeve for proper alignment with the innermost hanger-head and remotely latched thereto. All seals are then pressure tested. The tubing is plugged, the riser and control equipment removed and a Christmas tree adapter connected to the tubing hanger head. A Christmas tree assembly is then attached to the adapter in fluidtight flow communication with the tubing string.

United States Patent [191 Herd et al.

[ Apr. 2, 1974 UNDERWATER WELL COMPLETION METHOD AND APPARATUS [75] lnventors: David P. Herd; John H. Fowler;

Andre H. Drouin; Robert E. Bush, all of Houston, Tex.

[73] Assignee: Rockwell International Corporation,

Houston, Tex.

[22] Filed: Jan. 4, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 103,839

Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation of Ser. No. 792,912, Jan. 22, 1969,

abandoned.

[52] US. Cl l66/.5, 166/315, 175/7 [51].lnLCl EZlb 33/35,E21b 7/12 [58] Field of Search 166/.5, .6, 313, 315, 89; 175/7 [56] References Cited UNlTED STATES PATENTS 3,421,580 1/1969 Fowler et a1 166/85 3,459,259 8/1969 Matthews l66/.5

3,099,317 7/1963 Todd loo/.6 1,849,374 3/1932 McEvoy et 211.. 166/89 2,241,288 5/1941 Yancey 166/85 3,219,117 11/1965 .lohnstone et al.. 166/75 3,391,735 7/1968 Schramm ct a1... 166/85 3,414,056 12/1968 Broun ct al. l66/.5 3,424,253 1/1969 Triplctt 175/7 Primary Examiner.lames A. Leppink [57] ABSTRACT Extended casing method and apparatus for completing an underwater well whereby complete and continuous pressure control is maintained at the surface drilling platform. A conductor casing is installed in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached near the floor. Other casing is installed and supported at the water floor by hanger heads and having other risers extending upwardly therefrom. Pressure control equipment is installed at the upper end of one of the risers. An innermost casing having a tubing hanger-head attached is lowered through the pressure control equipment and installed. An orientation sleeve is aligned with the tubing hanger-head by properly orient the tubing hanger. The tubing hanger and tubing is then passed through the pressure control equipment and the innermost riser, to which the pressure control equipment is attached and is lowered to engage the orientation sleeve for proper alignment with the innermost hanger-head and remotely latched thereto. All seals are then pressure tested. The tubing is plugged, the riser and control equipment removed and a Christmas tree adapter connected to the tubing hanger head. A Christmas tree assembly is then attached to the adapter in fluidtight flow communication with the tubing string.

50 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures NENTEUAPR 2x974 3800.869

saw ton 0F 11' INVENTORS 14770 A/EV mgm nm 2mm 3.800.869

sum 050F11 ATTORNEY iATENTEl] APR 2 I974 sum as 0F 11 ,7 r 25% m M. ew T .R Ha m m m Ffi .v r P r 1A A H f d a w re 7 Z fig m N I i x I! fir! M l km? HI m z i L a w w W UNDERWATER WELL COMPLETION METHOD AND APPARATUS This application is a continuation of Application Serial No. 792,912, filed January 22, 1969, and now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention concerns underwater drilling of oil and gas wells. Specifically, it pertains to methods and apparatus used in underwater extended casing operations.

2. Description of the Prior Art Increased activity in offshore drilling has resulted in a continuous search for better methods and apparatus in this area. To cope with the unique problems associated with underwater drilling various extended casing methods have been developed. Basically, extended casing methods have a well conductor anchored to the sea floor which provides support for a special underwater wellhead. The wellhead, in turn, supports a multiple number of casing strings and their respective casing hangers. The drilling platform is thus relieved of much of the structural support responsibilities of other methods. After drilling is completed, the well may be pennanently abandoned, temporarily abandoned or immediately completed. For any of these options, the completion equipment may be installed at the sea floor, leaving the drilling platform free for relocation and freeing the underwater wellhead from the hazards of ocean going traffic and structural support problems. One such extended casing method is fully described in copending US. Pat. Application Ser. No. 572,599 now US. Pat. No. 3,421,580.

In the extended casing methods of the prior art, one or more intermediate casing strings, in addition to the conductor casing and the innermost production casing string, are usually supported in the wellhead. Casing extensions or risers are attached to these strings as they are lowered into place and landed. The extensions are connected at the surface to a blowout preventer for pressure control and also serve as a return for cement circulation. In the past it has been necessary to remove all casing extensions, except possibly the outer conductor riser, for installation of the tubing head with the collet connector flange for making connection with the underwater tree, the tubing hanger, and tubing strings. This requires removal of the surface blowout prevention equipment. In some cases, for safety precautions, a bridge plug is set in the production casing prior to removal of the production casing riser. The tubing head is attached to the production casing hanger head and a high pressure riser extended back to the surface for reattachment of the preventer equipment. The bridge plug is then drilled out or otherwise and the well is then ready to receive tubing. These operations require additional equipment time, and consequently expenses.

Some methods have utilized underwater blowout preventers installed near the underwater wellhead. However, such preventers are very expensive and more complex to operate than the conventional above water type.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention concerns a method of completing an underwater well comprising the steps of: lo-

eating drilling means at an underwater well site; installing conducting casing in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached thereto at a point near the floor, the conductor riser extending upwardly to the drilling means; drilling holes for, suspending within the conductor casing and cementing in place other casing, each of the other easing being suspended near the floor by hanger means above which other risers, extending upwardly to the drilling means, are connected; attaching blowout pressure control equipment to the top of at least one of the other risers prior to removal of any of the other risers; removing through the pressure control equipment any of the other risers which are surrounded by the riser to which the pressure control equipment is attached; running a tubing hanger and at least one tubing string, through the control equipment and the riser to which it is attached, into the innermost casing; suspending and latching the tubing hanger and tubing string in the innermost hanger means; and removing the pressure control equipment and the remainder of the other risers.

This method provides complete and continuous pressure control throughout completion by providing apparatus whereby the tubing hanger and tubing string may be lowered through blowout preventers and a riser to their support positions. After latching the tubing hanger and tubing string in place the tubing is plugged and the riser and pressure control equipment are removed for installation of the Christmas tree assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows when taken in conjunction with the drawing in which:

FIGS. 1 through 6 are step by step sectional elevation views of an underwater well showing a method and apparatus for completing a dual tubing string well according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, and

FIGS. 7 through 10 are step by step sectional eleva tion views of an underwater well showing a method and apparatus for tubingless completion of a well according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate an exemplary environment in which the present invention may operate.

DESCRIPTION OFTHE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is an extended casing completion system for use when drilling from a bottom supported rig with blowout prevention control equipment at the surface. Several options on the method of completion are available, including:

1. Easy permanent abandonment,

2. Temporary abandonment,

3. Completion by extension of easing, risers to a platform,

4. Casing-tubing sub-surface completion with optional diver support or fully remote operation, and

5. Tubingless sub-surface completion with optional diver support or fully remote operation. The apparatus of the present invention permits installation of one or more tubing strings through blowout prevention control equipment and extended risers,

eliminating the necessity of removing the risers and blowout preventers when preparing the well for completion. Because all operations are conducted through the risers and blowout preventers, well pressure control is continuous and remote guidance systems are not necessary when temporarily abandoning the well or preparing it for completion. A guide base is not installed until a decision is made to complete the well. This allows a selection at that time of either fully remote Christmas tree installation or diver support Christmas tree installation.

Referring now to FIGS. 11 and 12, there is illustrated a bottom supported well drilling and completion apparatus which is entirely conventional except for the tubing hanger-head which is shown in more detail in the other figures. FIG. 11 shows the upper portion ofa bottom supported rig 1 with blowout prevention control equipment'Z above the water surface 4 and surmounting the upper end of risers 12, 43, 53 and 63 extending from the rig 1 to the well head 5 at the mudline 3.

FIG. 12, in larger scale, shows a downward extension of risers 12, 43, 53, 63 from the rig l to the mudline 3 beneath the water surface 4, and also shows the well head 5 supporting progressively smaller concentric casing strings 10, 40, 50 and 60 in the well bore. Each string of casing is cemented in the well bore from the lower ends of the casing strings to a level thereabove as indicated at 6, 7, 8, and 9. Production casing 60 extends from the rig 1 through the ocean floor 3 and water 4 to the production zone 14.

Referring first to FIGS. 1 through 6, a step by step description of casing-tubing sub-surface completion, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, will be given. The system described will be a 30 inch X 16 inch %inch X 7 inch casing program with two 2% inch tubing strings. However, it is to be understood that the size and number of casing and tubing may vary without departing from the principles of the invention.

First, a 30 inch conductor casing 10, casing head 11, and conductor riser 12 are lowered from the drilling platform 1 and driven orjetted into the sea floor 1 until casing head 11 rests near the floor. If bottom conditions require it, a hole may be drilled for conductor casing 10. Casing head 11 is provided with an upwardly facing stop shoulder 13 for locating the surface casing.

Riser 12 is connected to casing head 11 by an easily disengageable connection 14. One type of easily disengageable joint is shown in FIG. 1A. This type of joint, which we refer to as a breech block joint, reduces drilling costs by eliminating on-site welding, permitting easy recovery of casing risers and reducing rig time during making, running and recovering casing risers. The joint comprises a female member and a male member 30. Segmented threads 21 of a square nonlead profile spaced 30 apart are milled in the female member for engagement with corresponding segmented threads 31 on the male member. Smooth milled out areas 22, 32 are provided between the thread segments 2], 31. For descriptive purposes the thread segments 21, 31 are referred to as lands and milled out areas 22, 32 as grooves. Engagement is accomplished by inserting the lands of the male member 30 in the grooves of the female member 20, then rotating the male member 30 thirty degrees in either direction until the lands of each member are in full engagement. A positional stop 33 on the male member cooperates with lugs 35 around the female member to limit rotation to 30. A pivotable anti-rotation latch 34 may be provided to engage the opposite side of lugs 35 preventing disengagement of the joint.

After the 30 inch conductor casing is set, a hole is drilled for 16 inch surface casing 40, which is lowered into place with surface casing head 41, back-off joint 42 and surface casing riser 43 attached thereto. Backoffjoint 42 and head 41 may be connected by a breech block joint 46 similar to that shown in FIG. 1A. Landing lugs 44 are provided on surface casing head 41 cooperating with stop shoulder 13 to locate surface casing 40. The surface casing 40 is then cemented in place. The remaining strings will be supported by the cement around surface casing 40. Casing head 41 is provided with internal annular recesses to receive hanging latches for the next string.

Next a hole is drilled for the 10% inch intermediate casing string 50 which is lowered into the hole attached to hanger-head 51, back-off joint 52, and riser 53 and cemented in place. Hanger-head 51 and back-off joint 52 are connected with another breech block connection 54. Hanger-head 51 is provided with spring biased latches 55 which support the casing string 50 within the well. As the latches 55 engage recesses 45, a locking rib 56 on the hanger-head body locks them into positive engagement. Hanger-head 51 may be provided with internal circulation ducts 57 or the latches 55 may be fluted for cement circulation. Internal latch recess 58 and circulation ducts 59 may be provided for ducting around the next hanger-head. Blowout prevention control equipment is attached to the top of riser 53 at the drilling platform 1.

Next the hole for production casing string 60 is drilled and the production string is landed and cemented in place attached to hanger-head 61, back-off joint 62 and riser 63. Production string hanger-head 61 is similar to hanger-head 51 having spring latches 65 a locking rib 66 and if necessary flow ducts 67. However, it has no internal latch recesses and it is connected to back-off joint 62 by a left hand thread connection 64 rather than a breech block joint. Immediately above the connection 64 two internal tubing hanger hold down recesses 68 are cut. An external key 69 provides orientation for a subsequently installed tubing hanger. Therefore, the production string 60 must be properly oriented while running in place.

The aforementioned drilling is done through the blowout prevention equipment at the drilling platform. At this stage of the drilling, the wellhead equipment would be as shown in FIG. 1. At this time the production string riser 63 is removed by rotating the riser 63 and back-off joint 62 to the right.

Referring specifically now to FIG. 2, an orientation sleeve 70 connected by a J slot arrangement 76 to running tool 71 and running string 72 is run through 10% inch riser 53. A longitudinal slot at the base of sleeve 70 engages hanger-head key 69 and the sleeve comes to rest against hanger-head shoulder 73. An orientation bushing 74 is affixed to the interior of sleeve 70 for automatic guidance of a tubing hanger which is to be installed. It has a dual 180 ramp 75 and a vertical slot 76 communicating with the ramp at its lowermost intersection. Tool 71 is then disconnected from orientation sleeve 70 and removed.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a tubing hanger 80, tubing 90, 91 and annulus access nipple 92 are installed along with test tool 93. Tubing hanger 80 is provided with three vertical bores 81, 82 (one not shown) communicating with annulus access nipple 92 and tubing strings 90, 91. Long tubing handling string 94 is connected to hanger 80 by a handling nipple (not shown) similar to handling nipple 95 connected to short string handling string 79. Both nipples pass through test tool 93. However, nipple 95 is screwed into a landing nipple 96 whereas the long string handling nipple is screwed directly in hanger 80. Both tubing strings 90, 91 are lowered together. However, short string 91 is displaced upwardly a slight amount from the position shown in FIG. 3.

Hanger 80 is provided with a longitudinal key 83 which rides on orientation bushing ramp 75 until it engages orientation slot 76 orienting the tubing hanger 80. The tubing hanger comes to rest on the upper shoulder 85 hanger-head 61. A hold down latch 86 and locking sleeve 87 are mounted in the skirt portion of hanger 80 near its base. In the running position the latch 86 is retracted and locking sleeve 87 is held up against the body of hanger 80 by engagement with landing nipple 96. When the hanger 80 is landed, short tubing string 91 and landing nipple 96 are allowed to move downwardly to the position shown in FIG. 3, where it is supported by shoulder 88, causing locking sleeve 87 to force hold down latch 86 into engagement with hanger-head hold down recesses 68. Up to this point handling nipple 95 and landing nipple 96 are fully made up so that the upper edge of landing nipple 96 is abutting downwardly facing shoulder 97 on handling nipple 95. By rotating handling nipple 95 to the right these shoulders are separated allowing a snap ring 89 in hanger 80 to spring out engaging the upper edge of landing nipple 96 and holding the short tubing string 91 down. At this point all wellhead components appear as shown in FIG. 3.

Next the tubing hanger seals would be tested by pressurizing through short tubing string 91. Pressure would then be applied below the tubing hanger 80 and through annulus access nipple 92 and tubing 90. Testing tool 93 is provided with a vertical port 98 and a horizontal port 99 which communicates with long tubing string 90 through a port in the handling nipple (not shown) attached to handling string 94. Should any of the seals around hanger 80 and landing nipple 96 leak it will be detected in riser 53.

Next, the downhole tubing packer is set, usually by hydraulic means, a back pressure valve is installed in long string 90 and the packer pressure tested. Pressure is applied through short string 91. If the packer leaks the test fluid passes through annular access nipple 92 and through test tool ports 98, 99 into handling string 94 for detection.

If all tests are positive, the tubing handling strings 94, 79, their respective handling nipples, and test tool 93 are removed from the hole by rotating the handling strings to the right. The orientation sleeve 70 and orientation bushing 74 are removed using the running tool 71. The tubing strings 90, 91 and annulus access nipple 92 are plugged. It will be noticed that throughout running and setting of the tubing hanger and tubing strings complete pressure control is maintained at the surface by blow-out prevention equipment connected to inch riser 53.

Next, the pressure control equipment, 10% inch riser 53 and 16 inch riser 43 are removed by 30 rotation to the right for disengagement of breech block connections 54 and 46. At this stage, the wellhead will appear as shown in FIG. 4 with conductor extension 12 being the only remaining riser.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a tubular Christmas tree adapter 100 is run on drill pipe 120 using a combination running testing tool 130. The external midportion of adapter 100 is provided with the male part of a breech block connection 101 for engagement with the female part of the connection 101 in the 10% inch head 51. Rotatably connected by ball bearings 102 to the lower part of adapter 100 is an annular packoff assembly comprising a resilient seal member 104 sandwiched between upper and lower retainer members 103, 105. Lower retainer 105 is stopped against hanger-head shoulder 106 and as the breech block connection 101 is engaged upper retainer ring 103 presses against seal member 104 causing it to sealingly engage the walls of hanger-heads 51 and 61. A port 131 connects the bore 132 of tool 130 with the annular space between adapter 100 and tubing hanger 80. This space is sealed at 133, 134 by O-rings, allowing adapter seals 104, 108, 109 and tubing hanger seals 110 to be tested.

Christmas tree adapter 100 has an upper flange member 111 and internal connection threads 112 to which too] is connected. Christmas tree adapter 100 also has stop lugs 113 which cooperate with stop lugs 114 on the top of hanger-head 51 when the breech-block connection is made to stop rotation at full engagement. To prevent disengagement, a locking ring 115 with depending lugs 116, is mounted around adapter 100 and held upwardly thereon as shown by radial pins 117 which ride in an L slot in sleeve skirt 136 of tool 130. A shear pin 137 is sheared on further right hand rotation of tool 130. This allows skirt 136 to rotate to a position where pins 117 drop out of the L slot allowing the locking ring 1 15 to drop downwardly so that its lugs 116 fall between the back of adapter lugs 113 and the next closest hanger-head lug 114. This prevents rotation of adapter 100 in either direction thus locking it in position. Further rotation of tool 130, to the right, releases it for removal from the well.

If it is decided to temporarily abandon the well, rather than immediately complete it, a corrosion cap (not shown) may be run on drill pipe using a .1 type running tool. It would be connected to the internal threads 112 of tubing head adapter 100. The corrosion cap could be provided with a port for spotting oil within the wellhead to prevent corrosion. This port would, of course, be plugged after the oil was injected. After installation of the corrosion cap, conductor riser 12 would be removed by rotating 30 to the right. A corrosion cap top could be installed by a diver and the well could be temporarily abandoned.

Alternatively, if it is desired to immediately complete the well, rather than install a corrosion cap, the Chris,- tmas tree would be installed. To do this, conductor riser 12 would be removed. Now referring also to FIG. 6, a small guide base 140 with two guide posts 141 would be clamped around the lower part of adapter 100. or hanger-head 51 by a diver. The guide base would be oriented by a tool with two pins adapted to engage tubing hanger receiving pockets 118, 119.

Next, Christmas tree would be lowered to the wellhead. It would be provided with guide arms 151 and bell bottom sleeves 152 which would engage guide posts 141 to assist a diver in installing the tree 150. The base of-tree 150 carries three long nipples 153, 154, the one for tubing 90 not shown, which sealingly engage the corresponding receiving sockets 118, 119, the one for tubing 90 not shown, in hanger 80. The base of tree 150 would come to rest against the upper face of adapter 100. An annular seal ring 155 would be provided at the joint. The tree 150 is then clamped to Christmas tree adapter 100 by a standard type clamp 160. A remote hydraulic connector could be used as an option eliminating the need for a diver to torque up clamp bolts. Thus, as shown in FIG. 6, the well is ready for production.

Should it be necessary at a future date to perform workover operations, tubing strings 90, 91 would be plugged and the Christmas tree 150 removed. Then a workover riser with a built in orientation sleeve and bushing similar to sleeve 70 and bushing 74 in FIGS. 2 and 3 would be attached to tree adapter 100. The orientation bushing would have a slot to engage key 83 of tubing hanger 80. In this manner, after the tubing hanger 80 is re-installed, following workover operations, it is landed in the same position as it was before workover operations.

If a tubingless sub-surface completion is desired, instead of a casing-tubing sub-surface completion, a somewhat different procedure is followed. However, with reference to FIG. 7, the first steps are the same as in the casing-tubing sub-surface completion just described. A 30 inch conductor casing 210, casing head 211, and conductor riser 212 connected by breechblock joint 214 are installed. A 16 inch surface casing 240, casing head 24], back-offjoint 242, and riser 243 are installed. Next, the inch casing string 250, hanger-head 251, back-off joint 252, and riser 253 are installed as in the conventional completion.

There is a slight difference in hanger-head 251 and back-off joint 252. Hanger-head 251 is provided with an internal vertical slot 259 immediately above the hanging recesses 258. Orientation in this method will be obtained by orienting the 10% inch hanger-head 251 rather than the 7 inch hanger-head in the aforedescribed casing-tubing sub-surface completion. Backoff joint 252 is provided with an orientating bushing 260 which has a double ramp orienting slot 261 cut on a 45 angle. A vertical slot 262 is cut at the bottom or ramp 261 for alignment with hanger head slot 259. A hanger-head and back-offjoint equipped with the modifications of hanger-head 251 and back-off joint 252 could be used with the casing-tubing sub-surface completion previously described, providing an option, at this point, of either casing-tubing completion or tubingless completion.

Blowout prevention equipment 2 is attached at the upper end of riser 253 at the drilling platform. Running of tubing will be performed through this blowout prevention equipment so that full pressure control is maintained at all times as in the previously described method.

In the next step, two strings of tubing 270, 271 are clamped together and run in the well tied by shear pins 273 to a tubing hanger assembly 280. Tubing hanger 280 is provided with outwardly biased hanging latches 281 and inwardly biased tubing latches 282 around openings 284, 285 through which tubing strings 270, 27] pass. An offset opening (not shown) through the hanger 280 provides access to the annulus between the tubing string 270, 271 and 10% inch casing 250. This allows both cementing circulation and limited gas lift production.

Also provided'on hanger 280 is an external spring loaded dog 290. Referring also to FIG. 7A dog 290 is beveled at the top 291 and bottom 292 so that it is cammed inwardly by any horizontal shoulder it encounters as the hanger is lowered into the well. However, looking at the face of dog 290, its bottom 292 is V shaped providing 45 angle edges 293, 294. If these angle edges 293, 294 encounter a matching 45 angle shoulder such as orienting ramp 261, the dog 290 will not be cammed inwardly but will ride down the ramp causing the tubing hanger 280 to rotate therewith. Thus, as the tubing strings 270, 271 and hanger 280 are lowered into the well, dog 290 engages ramp slot 261 rotating the hanger 280 until dog 290 falls through vertical slot 262 and into slot 259 as shown. Latches 281 engage hanging recesses 258 in a proper orientation.

Attached to the upper end of tubing strings 270, 271 are tubing hanging nipples 275, 276 which are provided with external hanging grooves 277, 278. One of the nipples, in this case 275, is longer than the other for reasons to be described subsequently. Running tools 286, 287 connect the hanging nipples 275, 276 to running strings 296, 297.

After the tubing hanger 280 is in place as shown in FIG. 7, the weight of tubing 270, 271 shears pins 273. Both strings 270, 271 are then run to bottom and tubing latches 282 engage the latch grooves 277, 278 in hanging nipples 275, 276, supporting the tubing strings as shown in FIG. 8. Both strings can then be cemented and handling strings 296, 297 and running tools 286, 287 removed by rotation to the right. At this stage of completion the wellhead equipment appears as in FIG. 8.

If for any reason tubing strings 270, 271 should become stuck after tubing hanger 280 is latched in, and cannot be freed, both strings would be cemented in. Then a standard outside tubing cutter would be run over one of the tubing strings. The cutter would be modified slightly to support tubing slips at its bottom. These tubing slips (not shown) would be lowered to engage tapered receiving bowls 288, 289 in the top of the hanger 280. The slips would be set and then the tubing string would be cut off at a distance from hanger 280 equal to the height of hanging nipples 275, 276, one longer than the other. After one tubing is set and cut the same procedure would be followed for the other tubing string.

Next, tubing strings 270, 271 are plugged and risers 253 and 243 are removed by 30 rotational disengagement of breech-block connections 246, 254 as in the casing-tubing sub-surface completion previously discussed. This leaves only the 30 inch riser 212.

As now shown in FIG. 9, a Christmas tree adapter 300, similar to the adapter (FIGS. 5 and 6), is lowered through riser 212 on drill pipe 320 and combination running and testing tool 330. The external midportion of adapter 300 is provided with the male part of breech-block connection 301 for engagement with head 251. Rotatably connected by ball bearings 302, at the lower part of adapter 300, is annular packoff assembly 303. Assembly 303 differs from the casingtubing sub-surface completion apparatus in that it is designed to also packoff around hanging nipples 275, 276 as well as against head 251. The lower retaining ring 304 of packoff assembly 303 is provided with an offset frusto-conical surface, the axis of which coincides with the axis of landing nipple 275. Thus, if the packoff assembly is not properly oriented as tubing head adapter 300 is lowered into place, the frusto-conical surface 305 contacts one of the tubing nipples, and is cammed around to the proper orientation. Nipple 275 is longer than nipple 276 to prevent the possibility of both nip- 1 ples contacting surface 305 at the same time should assembly 300 be exactly 90 out of proper orientation. Packoff assembly 300 also has an annular access port 306.

Running tool 330 seals on the inside diameter of adapter 300 at 307 and on the outside diameter of hanging nipples 275, 276 at 308, 309. Internal porting 310 within the tool 330 permits pressure testing of the packoff assembly 303.

Christmas tree adapter 300 has an upper flange member 311 and internal connection threads 312 to which tool 330 is connected. The adapter 300 also has stop lugs 313 which cooperate with hanger-head stop lugs 314 to limit stop rotation at full engagement as explained with reference to FIG. 5 in the casing-tubing sub-surface completion method previously described herein. Also provided is a lock ring 315 held first in an upward position by sleeve skirt 336 of the tool 330. After shearing of pin 337 right hand rotation of tool 330 allows pins 317 to drop out of L slots 335 in sleeve 336 allowing its lugs 316 to drop between the back of adapter lugs 313 and the next closest hangerhead lugs 314, locking the adapter in its fully engaged position. Further rotation of tool 330 frees it for retrieval from the well. A

The well can then be temporarily abandoned as explained in the casing-tubing sub-surface method previously described or it can be completed for production. If it is to be completed for production, at this point, conductor riser 212 is disconnected from conductor head 211 by thirty degree rotation and removed.

Now referring to FIG. 10, a spool piece 350, and Christmas tree 360 is guided into place and attached to adapter flange 311 by standard type diver assist clamp 351. Spool pieces 350 may be lowered by itself first with Christmas tree 360 being lowered afterward. Al-

ternatively, Christmas tree 360 may be assembled with spool piece 350 by clamp 361, then lowered together into place for attachment to adapter 300. Spool piece 350 is provided with nipples 352, 353 which stab and seal over hanging nipples 275, 276. It is also provided with a side opening outlet 354 and bore 355 communicating with port 306 and tubing-casing annulus below hanger 280 through a port (not shown) in hanger 280. A valve removal plug 356 allows for future installation of a side outlet valve. Christmas tree 360 is provided with short nipples 362, 363 which sealingly engage pockets provided for this purpose in spool piece 350. Nipples 362, 363, 352, 353, 275, 276 and spool bores 357, 358 provide unobstructed full opening into tubing strings 270, 271.

The foregoing methods and apparatus for completing an underwater well for both the casing-tubing sub-sea completion or tubingless completion offer definite advantages in both speed and safety. Complete pressure control at the drilling platform is maintained at all times and the apparatus used permits fast connection and disconnection for reduction of expensive rig time.

We claim: 1. A method of completing an underwater well com- 5 prising the steps of:

locating drilling means at an underwater well site; installing conductor casing in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached thereto at a point near said floor, said riser extending up- 0 wardly to said drilling means;

drilling holes for, suspending within said conductor casing and cementing in place other casing, each of said other casing being suspended near said floor by hanger means above which other risers, extending upwardly to said drilling means, are connected;

attaching blowout pressure control equipment to the top of at least one of said other risers at said drilling means prior to removal of any of said other risers;

removing through said pressure control equipment any of said other risers which are surrounded by the riser to which said pressure control equipment is attached;

running a tubing hanger at at least one tubing string,

through said control equipment and the riser to which it is attached, into the innermost casing; suspending and latching said tubing hanger and tubing string in the innermost hanger means; and removing said pressure control equipment and the remainder of said other risers.

2. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1, characterized in that prior to running said tubing string first orientation means is attached to the innermost hanger means and said tubing hanger is provided with second orientation means cooperating with said first orientation means to automatically align said tubing hanger and tubing in a predetermined orientation as they are run into said innermost casing.

3. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized by the further steps of:

running a Christmas tree adapter means through said conductor riser and attaching it to one of said hanger means, said adapter means being provided with a packoff assembly for sealing around the interior of said one of said hanger means and preventing passage of fluid therethrough. 4. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 3 characterized by the further steps of:

removing said closure cap means;

attaching an underwater Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means; and

preparing said well for production.

6. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 3 characterized by the further steps of:

removing said conductor riser;

guiding an underwater Christmas tree assembly into place on said adapter means; and

connecting said Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means.

7. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that said tubing hanger is provided with latch means for said attachment to said innermost hanger means, said tubing string being longitudinally displaced from its final support position on said tubing hanger as they are run into said riser, said tubing string being lowered to its final support position on said tubing hanger after said tubing hanger reaches its final support position in said innermost hanger means and thereby activating said tubing hanger latch means for said attachment to said innermost hanger means.

. 8. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that after said tubing hanger and tubing string are latched in said innermost hanger means and before removal of said pressure control equipment, the seals of said tubing hanger and tubing string are pressure tested.

9. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 8 characterized in that after said testing of said seals and before removal of said pressure control equipment a downhole packer attached to said tubing string is set and pressure tested.

10. A method of completing an underwater well as def ned in claim 9 wherein the method of pressure testing the downhole packer comprises:

installing a back pressure valve in all tubing strings except one remaining tubing string which extends below the downhole packer;

applying a fluid pressure through said remaining tubing string causing pressure to be applied beneath the packer; and detecting any pressure leak in the packer by providing'an access port through the tubing hanger which communicates with a handling-string extending to the surface and by monitoring the handling string for the passage of fluids. 11. A method of completing an underwater well as defined by claim 8 wherein the method of pressure testing the seals of said tubing hanger and tubing string comprises:

plugging an access nipple of the tubing hanger with a well tool;

applying a fluid pressure through said tubing string causing pressure to be applied beneath the seals; and

detecting any pressure leak in the seals by monitoring the pressure in the riser to which the pressure control equipment is attached.

12. A method of completing an underwater well as defined by claim 11 wherein the method of pressure testing the seals further comprises releasing the pressure through an access port in the well too] which communicates with a handling string.

13. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that after said pressure control equipment and said other risers are removed, Christmas tree adapter means is connected to one of said hanger means, said Christmas tree adapter means being provided with annular seal means for sealing an annular space between said innermost hanger means and an adjacent hanger means.

14. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 13 characterized by the further steps of:

removing said conductor riser; and

attaching a Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means, said Christmas tree assembly being provided with nipple means communicating with said tubing string through said tubing hanger.

15. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 13 further comprising testing the annular seal means for leaks.

16. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 15 wherein the method of testing the annular seal means comprises:

attaching a running tool, having an internal access port in communication with a handling string, to the Christmas tree adapter;

sealing the running tool to the Christmas tree adapter above the annular seal means forming a closed space;

placing a fluid pressure through the internal access port and into said closed space and detecting any pressure leak in the seals by monitoring the pressure in the handling string.

17. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that said pressure control equipment is connected to the innermost of said other risers, said innermost casing hanger means and riser assembly being provided with first orientation means placed in a predetermined position before running of said tubing string, said tubing hanger being provided with second orientation means cooperating with said first orientation means to automatically align said tubing hanger and tubing string in a predetermined position as they are run in said well.

18. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 14 characterized in that saidtubing string is held in an upwardly displaced position,,relative to said tubing hanger by shear means prior to said latching of said tubing hanger in said innermost hanger means, said shear means being sheared after said tubing hanger is latched in allowing said tubing string to be run to bottom andsupported in that position by tubing landing nipples supported on said hanger means.

19. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 18 characterized in that said tubing string is cemented in said well in said bottom supported position prior to removing said pressure control equipment.

20. An emergency method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 17 characterized in that after said latching of said tubing hanger in place and lowering of said tubing string as far as possible and before removal of said pressure control equipment said tubing string is cemented in said well, slip means are lowered around the upper part of said tubing string onto said tubing hanger, said slip means are set on said tubing string and said tubing string is cut off above said tubing hanger.

21. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 and the further steps of:

lowering Christmas tree adapter means through said conductor riser;

connecting said adapter means to said innermost hanger means, said adapter means being provided with packoff means sealingly engaging the interior of said innermost hanger means and the exterior of an extension of said tubing string above said tubing hanger preventing fluid flow through said inner most casing and hanger means. 22. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 21 characterized by the further steps of:

tending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water;

pressure control means connected to the upper end of said riser means;

tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means to a position within said hanger-head means to be supported thereby;

at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means and lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means; and characterized in that first orientation means are provided near the base of said riser means cooperable with second orientation means on said tubing hanger means to automatically position said tubing hanger within said hanger-head means in a predetermined angular orientation relative thereto.

24. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said first orientation means comprises a helically generated upwardly facing surface. 7

25. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said riser means and said first orientation means are removable and reengageable with said hanger-head means to permit subsequent removal and replacement of said tubing hanger means in the same said predetermined angular orientation.

26. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said tubing hanger means is provided with remotely actuatable latch means to lock said tubing hanger means to said hanger-head means.

27. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said tubing string is cemented in said casing string.

28. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising:

conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water;

casing head means attached to said conductor casing meansnear said floor;

other casing means concentrically disposed within said conductor casing means;

hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means;

riser means connected to at least one of said hangerhead means extending upwardly therefrom to drilling means above the surface of said body of water;

pressure control means connected to the upper end of at least one of said riser means;

tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means to a supported position on the innermost of said hanger-head means;

at least one tubing string connected to said tubing hanger means and lowerable therewith through said pressure control means and said riser means to said supported position; and

characterized in that said tubing hanger means is provided with latch means engageable with said innermost hanger-head means on longitudinal movement of said tubing string relative to said tubing hanger means to lock said tubing hanger means to said innermost hanger-head means.

29. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 28 characterized by first orientation means on said innermost hanger-head means and second orientation means on said tubing hanger means cooperable with each other to automatically orient said tubing hanger means in a predetermined angular position relative to said innermost hangermeans to engage said slot means.

31. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 28 characterized in that said riser means to which said pressure control means is attached is removable from said hanger-head means by rotation of less than 360.

32. Underwater well completion apparatus comprismg:

outer casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said outer casing means near said floor; riser means attached to said casing head means extending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water; pressure control means connected to the upper end of said riser means; inner casing means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and concentrically disposed within said outer casing means; hanger-head means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and connected to said inner casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hangerhead means to limit longitudinal movement of said inner casing and said hanger-head means; and tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and supported on the innermost of said hanger-head means, said tubing hanger means having a generally cylindrical exterior of a diameter less than the major internal diameter of said innermost hanger-head means.

33. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 32 characterized by tubular Christmas tree adapter means lowerable to and engageable with one of said hanger-head means in fluidtight connection therewith.

34. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 33 characterized in that said adapter means is provided with packoff means engageable with a cylindrical wall of the hanger-head means to which said adapter means is attached and engageable with at least one other radially displaced cylindrical wall to prevent fluid passage through said hanger-head means to which said adapter is attached.

35. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 34 characterized in that said one other radially displaced cylindrical wall comprises a portion of tubing string nipple means extending upwardly from said tubing hanger means, and the base of said packoff means is provided with a frusto-conical guide surface surrounding a passage through said packoff means, the axis of said passage and said frusto-conical guide surface being coincident.

36. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 33 characterized in that said adapter means and the said hanger-head means with'which it is engageable are provided with connection means fully engageable on less than 360 rotation of said adapter means relative to said hanger-head means, said connection means being provided with locking means engageable with said adapter means and said hanger-head means to prevent disengagement of said connection means.

37. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising:

conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water;

casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor;

other casing means concentrically disposed with said conductor casing means;

hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means;

tubing hanger means supported on the innermost of said hanger-head means the maximum diameter of said tubing hanger means being less than the internal diameter of at least one of said other casing means;

at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means;

tubular Christmas tree adapter means connected to one of said hanger-head means above and independently of said tubing hanger means;

a Christmas tree assembly connected above said adapter means, said Christmas tree assembly being provided with at least one flow bore; and

nipple means being said tubing hanger means and said Christmas tree assembly providing fluidtight flow communication between said tubing string and said Christmas tree assembly flow bore.

38. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 37 characterized in that the maximum external diameter of said adapter means is less than the internal diameter of said conductor casing.

39. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 37 characterized in that the said hangerhead means to which said adapter means is connected is one which surrounds said innermost hanger-head means leaving an annular space therebetween, packoff means being installed in said annular space to prevent fluid passage therethrough.

40. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 39 characterized in that said hanger-head means to which said adapter means is connected and said innermost hanger-head are provided with orienta-- innermost hanger-head means sealing against the interior of said innermost hanger-head means and the exterior of said nipple means to prevent fluid flow through said innermost hanger-head means.

42. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said packoff means is rotatingly attached to said adapter means and provided with a downwardly facing frusto-conical guide surface, the axis of which is coincident with the axis of said nipple means.

43. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said innermost hanger-head means and said tubing hanger means are provided with orientation means for positioning said tubing hanger means within said innermost hangerhead means in a predetermined angular orientation relative thereto.

44. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said tubing string is supported on said tubing hanger means by slip means, said nipple means comprising a portion of said tubing string extending upwardly from said tubing hanger means.

45. A method of completing an underwater well comprising the steps of:

locating drilling means at an underwater well site;

installing conductor casing in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached thereto at a point near said floor, said riser extending upwardly to said drilling means;

drilling holes for, suspending within said conductor casing and cementing in place other casing, each of said other casing being suspended by hanger means above which other risers, extending upwardly to said drilling means, are connected;

attaching blowout pressure control equipment to the top of at least one of said other risers at said drilling means;

drilling a hole for, suspending within said other casing and cementing in place an innermost casing having tubing support means; 

1. A method of completing an underwater well comprising the steps of: locating drilling means at an underwater well site; installing conductor casing in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached thereto at a point near said floor, said riser extending upwardly to said drilling means; drilling holes for, suspending within said conductor casing and cementing in place other casing, each of said other casing being suspended near said floor by hanger means above which other risers, extending upwardly to said drilling means, are connected; attaching blowout pressure control equipment to the top of at least one of said other risers at said drilling means prior to removal of any of said other risers; removing through said pressure control equipment any of said other risers which are surrounded by the riser to which said pressure control equipment is attached; running a tubing hanger at at least one tubing string, through said control equipment and the riser to which it is attached, into the innermost casing; suspending and latching said tubing hanger and tubing string in the innermost hanger means; and removing said pressure control equipment and the remainder of said other risers.
 2. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1, characterized in that prior to running said tubing string first orientation means is attached to the innermost hanger means and said tubing hanger is provided with second orientation means cooperating with said first orientation means to automatically align said tubing hanger and tubing in a predetermined orientation as they are run into said innermost casing.
 3. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized by the further steps of: running a Christmas tree adapter means through said conductor riser and attaching it to one of said hanger means, said adapter means being provided with a packoff assembly for sealing around the interior of said one of said hanger means and preventing passage of fluid therethrough.
 4. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 3 characterized by the further steps of: running a closure cap means through said conductor riser: connecting said cap means to said adapter means, closing the upper end of said adapter means, said innermost casing and said tubing; removing said conductor riser; and temporarily abandoning said well.
 5. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 4 characterized by the further steps of: removing said closure cap means; attaching an underwater Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means; and preparing said well for production.
 6. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 3 characterized by the further steps of: removing said conductor riser; guiding an underwater Christmas tree assembly into place on said adapter means; and connecting said Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means.
 7. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that said tubing hanger is provided with latch means for said attachment to said innermost hanger means, said tubing string being longitudinally displaced from its final support position on said tubing hanger as they are run into said riser, said tubing string being lowered to its final support position on said tubing hanger after said tubing hanger reaches its final support position in said innermost hanger means and thereby activating said tubing hanger latch means for said attachment to said innermost hanger means.
 8. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that after said tubing hanger and tubing string are latched in said innermost hanger means and before removal of said pressure control equipment, the seals of said tubing hanger and tubing string are pressure tested.
 9. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 8 characterized in that after said testing of said seals and before removal of said pressure control equipment a downhole packer attached to said tubing string is set and pressure tested.
 10. A method of completing an underwater well as defined in claim 9 wherein the method of pressure testing the downhole packer comprises: installing a back pressure valve in all tubing strings except one remaining tubing string which extends below the downhole packer; applying a fluid pressure through said remaining tubing string causing pressure to be applied beneath the packer; and detecting any pressure leak in the packer by providing an access port through the tubing hanger which communicates with a handling string extending to the surface and by monitoring the handling string for the passage of fluids.
 11. A method of completing an underwater well as defined by claim 8 wherein the method of pressure testing the seals of said tubing hanger and tubing string comprises: plugging an access nipple of the tubing hanger with a well tool; applying a fluid pressure through said tubing string causing pressure to be applied beneath the seals; and detecting any pressure leak in the seals by monitoring the pressure in the riser to which the pressure control equipment is attached.
 12. A method of completing an underwater well as defined by claim 11 wherein the method of pressure testing the seals further comprises releasing the pressure through an access port in the well tool which communicates with a handling string.
 13. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that after said pressure control equipment and said other risers are removed, Christmas tree adapter means is connected to one of said hanger means, said Christmas tree adapter means being provided with annular seal means for sealing an annular space between said innermost hanger means and an adjacent hanger means.
 14. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 13 characterized by the further steps of: removing said conductor riser; and attaching a Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means, said Christmas tree assembly being provided with nipple means communicating with said tubing string through said tubing hanger.
 15. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 13 further comprising testing the annular seal means for leaks.
 16. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 15 wherein the method of testing the annular seal means comprises: attaching a running tool, having an internal access port in communication with a handling string, to the Christmas tree adapter; sealing the running tool to the Christmas tree adapter above the annular seal means forming a closed space; placing a fluid pressure through the internal access port and into said closed space and detecting any pressure leak in the seals by monitoring the pressUre in the handling string.
 17. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 characterized in that said pressure control equipment is connected to the innermost of said other risers, said innermost casing hanger means and riser assembly being provided with first orientation means placed in a predetermined position before running of said tubing string, said tubing hanger being provided with second orientation means cooperating with said first orientation means to automatically align said tubing hanger and tubing string in a predetermined position as they are run in said well.
 18. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 14 characterized in that said tubing string is held in an upwardly displaced position, relative to said tubing hanger by shear means prior to said latching of said tubing hanger in said innermost hanger means, said shear means being sheared after said tubing hanger is latched in allowing said tubing string to be run to bottom and supported in that position by tubing landing nipples supported on said hanger means.
 19. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 18 characterized in that said tubing string is cemented in said well in said bottom supported position prior to removing said pressure control equipment.
 20. An emergency method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 17 characterized in that after said latching of said tubing hanger in place and lowering of said tubing string as far as possible and before removal of said pressure control equipment said tubing string is cemented in said well, slip means are lowered around the upper part of said tubing string onto said tubing hanger, said slip means are set on said tubing string and said tubing string is cut off above said tubing hanger.
 21. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 1 and the further steps of: lowering Christmas tree adapter means through said conductor riser; connecting said adapter means to said innermost hanger means, said adapter means being provided with packoff means sealingly engaging the interior of said innermost hanger means and the exterior of an extension of said tubing string above said tubing hanger preventing fluid flow through said innermost casing and hanger means.
 22. A method of completing an underwater well as set forth in claim 21 characterized by the further steps of: removing said conductor riser, attaching a Christmas tree assembly to said adapter means, said Christmas tree assembly being provided with nipple means engaging said tubing string extension for fluidtight flow communication therebetween.
 23. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: a casing string penetrating the floor of a body of water; hanger-head means connected to the upper end of said casing string near the floor of said body of water; riser means connected to said hanger-head means extending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water; pressure control means connected to the upper end of said riser means; tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means to a position within said hanger-head means to be supported thereby; at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means and lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means; and characterized in that first orientation means are provided near the base of said riser means cooperable with second orientation means on said tubing hanger means to automatically position said tubing hanger within said hanger-head means in a predetermined angular orientation relative thereto.
 24. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said first orientation means comprises a helically generated upwardly facing surface.
 25. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said riser means anD said first orientation means are removable and reengageable with said hanger-head means to permit subsequent removal and replacement of said tubing hanger means in the same said predetermined angular orientation.
 26. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said tubing hanger means is provided with remotely actuatable latch means to lock said tubing hanger means to said hanger-head means.
 27. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 23 characterized in that said tubing string is cemented in said casing string.
 28. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor; other casing means concentrically disposed within said conductor casing means; hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means; riser means connected to at least one of said hanger-head means extending upwardly therefrom to drilling means above the surface of said body of water; pressure control means connected to the upper end of at least one of said riser means; tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means to a supported position on the innermost of said hanger-head means; at least one tubing string connected to said tubing hanger means and lowerable therewith through said pressure control means and said riser means to said supported position; and characterized in that said tubing hanger means is provided with latch means engageable with said innermost hanger-head means on longitudinal movement of said tubing string relative to said tubing hanger means to lock said tubing hanger means to said innermost hanger-head means.
 29. Underwater completion apparatus as set forth in claim 28 characterized by first orientation means on said innermost hanger-head means and second orientation means on said tubing hanger means cooperable with each other to automatically orient said tubing hanger means in a predetermined angular position relative to said innermost hanger-head means.
 30. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 29 characterized in that said first orientation means comprises an upwardly facing helical surface terminating at a longitudinal slot means and said second orientation means comprises key means engageable with said helical surface and slidable thereon to rotate said tubing hanger means to allow said key means to engage said slot means.
 31. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 28 characterized in that said riser means to which said pressure control means is attached is removable from said hanger-head means by rotation of less than 360*.
 32. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: outer casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said outer casing means near said floor; riser means attached to said casing head means extending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water; pressure control means connected to the upper end of said riser means; inner casing means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and concentrically disposed within said outer casing means; hanger-head means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and connected to said inner casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said inner casing and said hanger-head means; and tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and riser means and supported on the innermost of said Hanger-head means, said tubing hanger means having a generally cylindrical exterior of a diameter less than the major internal diameter of said innermost hanger-head means.
 33. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 32 characterized by tubular Christmas tree adapter means lowerable to and engageable with one of said hanger-head means in fluidtight connection therewith.
 34. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 33 characterized in that said adapter means is provided with packoff means engageable with a cylindrical wall of the hanger-head means to which said adapter means is attached and engageable with at least one other radially displaced cylindrical wall to prevent fluid passage through said hanger-head means to which said adapter is attached.
 35. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 34 characterized in that said one other radially displaced cylindrical wall comprises a portion of tubing string nipple means extending upwardly from said tubing hanger means, and the base of said packoff means is provided with a frusto-conical guide surface surrounding a passage through said packoff means, the axis of said passage and said frusto-conical guide surface being coincident.
 36. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 33 characterized in that said adapter means and the said hanger-head means with which it is engageable are provided with connection means fully engageable on less than 360* rotation of said adapter means relative to said hanger-head means, said connection means being provided with locking means engageable with said adapter means and said hanger-head means to prevent disengagement of said connection means.
 37. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor; other casing means concentrically disposed with said conductor casing means; hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means; tubing hanger means supported on the innermost of said hanger-head means the maximum diameter of said tubing hanger means being less than the internal diameter of at least one of said other casing means; at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means; tubular Christmas tree adapter means connected to one of said hanger-head means above and independently of said tubing hanger means; a Christmas tree assembly connected above said adapter means, said Christmas tree assembly being provided with at least one flow bore; and nipple means being said tubing hanger means and said Christmas tree assembly providing fluidtight flow communication between said tubing string and said Christmas tree assembly flow bore.
 38. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 37 characterized in that the maximum external diameter of said adapter means is less than the internal diameter of said conductor casing.
 39. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 37 characterized in that the said hanger-head means to which said adapter means is connected is one which surrounds said innermost hanger-head means leaving an annular space therebetween, packoff means being installed in said annular space to prevent fluid passage therethrough.
 40. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 39 characterized in that said hanger-head means to which said adapter means is connected and said innermost hanger-head are provided with orientation means for positioning said innermost hanger-head means in a predetermined position within said surrounding hanger-head means relative thereto.
 41. Underwater wellhead completion apparatus as seT forth in claim 37 characterized in that said adapter means is connected to said innermost hanger-head means and in that packoff means is installed within said innermost hanger-head means sealing against the interior of said innermost hanger-head means and the exterior of said nipple means to prevent fluid flow through said innermost hanger-head means.
 42. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said packoff means is rotatingly attached to said adapter means and provided with a downwardly facing frusto-conical guide surface, the axis of which is coincident with the axis of said nipple means.
 43. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said innermost hanger-head means and said tubing hanger means are provided with orientation means for positioning said tubing hanger means within said innermost hanger-head means in a predetermined angular orientation relative thereto.
 44. Underwater well completion apparatus as set forth in claim 41 characterized in that said tubing string is supported on said tubing hanger means by slip means, said nipple means comprising a portion of said tubing string extending upwardly from said tubing hanger means.
 45. A method of completing an underwater well comprising the steps of: locating drilling means at an underwater well site; installing conductor casing in the floor of a body of water with a casing head and riser attached thereto at a point near said floor, said riser extending upwardly to said drilling means; drilling holes for, suspending within said conductor casing and cementing in place other casing, each of said other casing being suspended by hanger means above which other risers, extending upwardly to said drilling means, are connected; attaching blowout pressure control equipment to the top of at least one of said other risers at said drilling means; drilling a hole for, suspending within said other casing and cementing in place an innermost casing having tubing support means; running a tubing hanger and at least one tubing string, through said control equipment and the riser to which it is attached, into said innermost casing; suspending said tubing hanger and tubing string in said innermost casing; latching said tubing hanger with said tubing support means; and removing said pressure control equipment and said other risers.
 46. Underwater completion apparatus comprising: a casing string penetrating the floor of a body of water; hanger-head means connected to the upper end of said casing string near the floor of said body of water; riser means connected to said hanger-head means extending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water; a blowout preventer connected to the upper end of said riser means; an inner casing string lowerable through said blowout preventer and said riser means; tubing hanger means lowerable through said blowout preventer and said riser means to a position within said inner casing; tubing head means lowerable through said blowout preventer and said riser means for suspension of said inner casing and for the support of said tubing hanger means; and at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means and lowerable through said blowout preventer and said riser means.
 47. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor; other casing means concentrically disposed within said conductor casing means; hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means; riser means connected to at least one of said hanger-head Means extending upwardly therefrom to drilling means above the surface of said body of water; pressure control means connected to the upper end of at least one of said riser means; tubing hanger means lowerable through said pressure control means and said riser means to a supported position within the innermost of said hanger-head means; means secured to said tubing hanger means for aligning said tubing hanger means within said innermost hanger-head means; and means secured to said tubing hanger means for locking down said tubing hanger means within said innermost hanger-head means.
 48. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor; other casing means concentrically disposed within said conductor casing means; hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing and said hanger-head means; conductor riser means attached to said casing head means extending upwardly through said body of water to the surface of said body of water; tubing hanger means supported on the innermost of said hanger-head means; sealing means for sealing between said innermost hanger-head means and said tubing hanger means; and means secured to and engageable with said tubing hanger means for testing the integrity of said sealing means.
 49. Underwater well completion apparatus comprising: conductor casing means penetrating the floor of a body of water; casing head means attached to said conductor casing means near said floor; other casing means concentrically disposed with said conductor casing means; hanger-head means connected to said other casing means, said hanger-head means being provided with support means engageable with other support means surrounding said hanger-head means to limit longitudinal movement of said other casing means and said hanger-head means; tubing hanger means supported on the innermost of said hanger-head means; at least one tubing string supported by said tubing hanger means; tubular Christmas tree adapter means connected to one of said hanger-head means other than said innermost hanger-head means and independently of said tubing hanger means; and sealing means for sealing between said innermost hanger-head means and said one of said hanger-head means; and means engageable with said Christmas tree adapter means for testing the integrity of said sealing means.
 50. An underwater well completion apparatus comprising: casing head means; hanger-head means; a tubing hanger for supporting at least one string of tubing; said casing head means having hanger suspension means to support said hanger-head means; said hanger-head means including casing suspension means for supporting a string of casing and tubing support means for supporting said tubing; said tubing hanger being supported by said tubing support means; said hanger-head means being adapted to be received within said casing head means; flow control means surmounting said hanger-head means and connected in fluid flow relationship with said tubing hanger; adapter means sealingly connecting said flow control means to said hanger-head means; seal means; said adapter means sealingly engaging said hanger-head means by packing said seal means between said hanger-head means and said casing head means; said seal means being connected to said adapter means by a retainer means; and said adapter means being attached to said retainer means by bearing means permitting said adapter means to rotate with said seal means remaining stationary. 